International Social Research Nexus (ISRN)
International Social Research Nexus (ISRN), Published by Scholar Cave, is a premier, double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to advancing knowledge in the field of Social Sciences. With a global perspective, ISRN journal provides a vibrant platform for researchers, academicians, and practitioners to share innovative ideas, in-depth analyses, and critical discussions that tackle the most pressing social challenges of our time. Each year, ISRN journal publishes three high-quality issues featuring cutting-edge research articles, review articles, short communications and letters to the editor. The journal covers a broad spectrum of disciplines within the social sciences. Mission and Vision The mission of ISRN journal is to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and intellectual exchange in the social sciences, thereby contributing to the betterment of societies worldwide. The journal aspires to become a beacon of academic excellence by adhering to the highest standards of research integrity and editorial rigor. “ISRN is not just a journal — it is a vibrant community of visionary scholars committed to driving social transformation through impactful research.” ISSN (Online): 3105-0069 | ISSN-L: 3105-0069 Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.63539/isrn
Sustainability of Indigenous Alcohol Drinking Culture amongst the Tribes of West Bengal, India: A Sociological Exploration of Native Knowledge versus Urban Stigma
This paper aims to explore the sustainability quotient in indigenous alcohol production and consumption within a rural community, while also examining urban perspectives on this practice. It contextualizes indigenous alcohol production and consumption as an essential part of tribal cultural and ecological heritage. The gendered subtexts often challenge the mainstream upper-caste practices prevalent in urban Indian cities. This blend of counterculture and heritage within the daily tribal experience frequently questions and challenges narratives about development, modernization, and moral norms. Contemporary discussions on commercial marketization, urban stigma, and government policies often overlook the challenges of preserving this tribal heritage. Methodologically, the paper employs a critical review of secondary sources to thoroughly explore the topic. It argues that indigenous brewing fosters social cohesion and is more environmentally sustainable than commercially produced alcohol; therefore, this heritage drink warrants proper guidance, preservation, and targeted promotion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Sritama Chaudhuri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Supply Chain Capabilities, Operational Constraints, and Performance in Bangladesh’s Textile Retail Sector: A Mixed-Methods Investigation
The management practices, problems and improvement pathways of textile retail supply chains in Bangladesh are not well documented, as they link millions of consumers with the manufacturers, wholesalers and importers. To fill this void, this study examines the practices of SCM, capability factors and operational constraints in domestic textile retail sector in Bangladesh. A concurrent mixed methods design was used. A quantitative survey was conducted on 422 textile retail outlets with different sizes, areas and product specializations. Descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, Pearson correlation, multiple regression, independent-samples t-tests, and one-way ANOVA were used. Twenty-two semi-structured key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with retailers, suppliers, wholesalers, logistics actors, technology providers and institutional stakeholders, and analyzed using thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006). Existing SCM practices and operational constraints were the two most significant predictors of SCM outcomes (β = 0.278, p < 0.001 and β = −0.295, p < 0.001, respectively). Each of the three capabilities – inventory planning capability, supplier relationship capability, and technology-enabled capability – made positive contributions. Results were significantly different between small and large businesses, and between experienced and inexperienced businesses, but were not different between product categories. Ten themes emerged qualitatively, indicating that the structural characteristics of the sector are seasonal demand cycles, informal supplier relationships, memory-based inventory systems and organizational readiness deficits. Operational constraints are systemic and are co-produced by actors in the supply chain, and need to be addressed collectively rather than individually at the level of the firm. Relationships with suppliers are a form of resilience capital that is underutilized. Inventory planning is the area of the sector with the highest consequence and lowest development. A sequenced approach of basic inventory discipline, structured supplier collaboration, incremental digitalization and enabling institutional support is needed to modernize the supply chain sustainably. The results provide a focus for the SCM literature to move away from the export-oriented garment industry in Bangladesh and towards the comparatively under-researched retail textile industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imran Sarder, Dr. Jagannath Biswas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Climate Change through Indigenous Eyes: A Case Study of the Santal Women in Bangladesh
Climate change is a major problem for vulnerable people worldwide. It severely affects Indigenous communities whose livelihoods are closely connected to nature and agriculture. In Bangladesh, Indigenous women remain largely underrepresented in mainstream climate change discussions, despite their significant ecological knowledge and lived interactions with environmental change. This case study explores how Santal women in northern Bangladesh respond to climate variability through their traditional knowledge, cultural beliefs, and everyday environmental experiences. Fieldwork was conducted from January to April 2025.This study used a qualitative case study design to explore context-specific understandings of climate variability and its impacts. The study took place in Parbatipur Upazila of Dinajpur District. The area was selected due to a high population of Santals in the region whose means of living rely much on natural resources and agriculture. The data were gathered in the form of 25 in depth interviews (IDIs), four key informant interviews ((KIIs)) with the respected members of the community and four focus group discussions (FGDs), involving a total of 50 Santal women. Purposive sampling was used in selecting the respondents to provide diversity in terms of age, education and socio economic background. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s framework. The findings reveal that although many participants were unfamiliar with the scientific term “climate change”. However, they clearly identified rising temperatures, irregular rainfall, shorter winters, seasonal disruptions, and crop failures through direct environmental observations. Their interpretations combined practical ecological understanding with cultural and spiritual explanations. For example, some participants linked climate change to divine displeasure or ancestral imbalance. This study also found generational differences in accessing modern climate information, including the use of smartphones and weather applications. However, younger women still depended on traditional ecological indicators, such as flowering patterns or bird calls. Additionally, climate variability has significantly affected agriculture, food security, health conditions, and cultural practices. It has increased women's vulnerabilities in everyday life as well. This study argues that Indigenous women's ecological knowledge should be incorporated into local and national climate adaptation policies. Specifically, the study recommends three actions. First, community-based documentation centers for traditional ecological indicators should be established. Second, Santal women should be included in union parishad climate committees. Third, Santal women should be trained as climate outreach workers. Greater inclusion of Santal women in climate decision-making, culturally sensitive adaptation programs, and improved access to climate information are also needed. Furthermore, Indigenous-centered development planning is essential. These steps can strengthen community resilience. They can also support cultural sustainability in climate-vulnerable regions of Bangladesh.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umme Habiba, Md. Ashif Hasan Razu, Fahmida Hoassin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reframing United Nations Peacekeeping as Global Policing: Conceptualizing the ‘Blue Police’ Paradigm in Contemporary Security Governance
United Nations Peacekeeping has undergone a significant transformation in response to the changing nature of contemporary conflict, shifting from traditional military-based ceasefire monitoring toward multidimensional systems of security governance. While existing literature acknowledges mandate expansion and the growing role of policing functions, it remains theoretically fragmented and lacks a unified framework to explain the structural convergence between peacekeeping and policing. This study addresses this gap by examining whether United Nations Peacekeeping is evolving into a form of global policing governance. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative and conceptual research design based on secondary data, including United Nations reports, UNPOL policy documents, and academic literature. A thematic analytical approach is used to examine the expansion of policing functions within peace operations and the institutional role of the UN Police in contemporary missions. The findings indicate that UN Peacekeeping has undergone a structural transformation in which policing logic has become increasingly dominant. UNPOL has emerged as a key operational actor responsible not only for supporting host-state police but also for contributing to institutional reform, governance, and population security. This reflects a broader shift toward a hybrid model of security governance combining military stabilization with policing and institutional development functions. The study concludes that contemporary United Nations Peacekeeping can be understood as an evolving system of global policing governance. The Blue Police Paradigm provides a new analytical framework for understanding this transformation and highlights important implications for mandate clarity, institutional capacity, and accountability in international peace operations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor E Alam Mina (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nutritional Inequality and Societal Development: Structural Barriers to Food Accessibility in Bangladesh
Access to nutritious food is essential for human development; however, significant inequalities persist in many developing countries. This study examines how disparities in access to nutrient-dense food hinder societal development in Bangladesh. Drawing on the Social Determinants of Health framework and Structural Violence theory, the study looks at how economic, social, and environmental disparities restrict access to nutrient-dense foods among disadvantaged populations based on a qualitative analytical approach supported by descriptive statistical evidence derived from secondary data sources such as the World Bank, World Health Organization, United Nations Development Program, and food security assessments. The findings indicate that many low-income households cannot afford the average daily cost of a nutritious diet in Bangladesh, which is almost 223 BDT per person, reducing the purchasing ability of nearly 41.3% of the population. Nutritional disparity is exacerbated by structural variables such as poverty, gender inequality, rural-urban differences, climate vulnerability, and educational gaps. These conditions lead to malnutrition, long-term productivity losses, and decreased human capital formation. The study argues that unequal access to nutrient-dense foods poses a structural obstacle to inclusive socioeconomic growth as well as a public health concern. Addressing nutritional inequality through integrated policies in food systems, social protection, and poverty reduction is essential for sustainable societal progress in Bangladesh.
Copyright (c) 2026 Habibur Rahman Naim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Social Impact of AI on Human Rights: An International Legal Perspective
Developments in artificial intelligence are transforming the world social, political, and legal systems. Although AI has the potential to enhance the common good, it also poses compound challenges to the security of human rights. This paper considers the social consequences of AI in the prism of international law, concentrating on the new norms, the reaction of institutions, and regulatory deficiencies. The study analyzes the effects of AI on human rights concerning privacy, equality, freedom of expression, due process, and socio-economic inclusion, relying on the international human rights law, regional jurisprudence, and global governance controversies. It notes the growing dependence on automated systems in policing by states and other actors, distribution of welfare, hiring, border control, and online platforms by states and other actors often without meaningful protection. The paper, through a qualitative approach, which involves document analysis and comparative legal reasoning, finds structural vulnerabilities that have been established by opaque algorithms, extraction of data on a broad spectrum, and disproportionate surveillance. The results indicate the necessity of severe legal promises, transparency issues, and institutional monitoring. The paper finishes with policy suggestions to make the international collaboration stronger, re-establish regulatory environments, and make sure that the evolution of AI may be based on human dignity and basic rights.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gendered Health Message Framing and User Outcomes Among Digital Media Users in Bangladesh: The Mediating Role of Perceived Message Credibility
In Bangladesh, as in the rest of South Asia, gendered health stories in digital media reproduce structural inequalities that determine how people perceive, judge, and respond to health information. Although there is increasing interest in scholarly research on digital health communication, the psychological processes that mediate the way gendered message framing is translated into user outcomes have not been adequately theorized and empirically validated, in this regard. This paper explores the relationship between agentic and communal gendered health message framing exposure and perceived message credibility and, in turn, behavioral intent and counter-narrative agency among users of digital media in Bangladesh. The study builds on the Social Constructionism (Berger & Luckmann, 1966), Framing Theory (Entman, 1993) and Gender Performativity Theory (Butler, 1990) by proposing a process-based model where the central mediating variable is credibility. A purposive sample of n = 500 Bangladeshi adults who were active on-line health content consumers was used to conduct a quantitative cross-sectional survey. The data were obtained by a structured questionnaire online with the help of validated multi-item Likert scale. The proposed model was tested using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Maximum Likelihood Estimation including bootstrapping (5,000 resamples) as a mediation test and product-term interaction analysis as a moderation test. Agentic and communal framing were found to be important predictors of perceived message credibility. The relationships between framing types and both outcome variables—behavioral intent and counter-narrative agency were completely mediated by credibility. Media literacy was positively associated with behavioral intent and platform inclusivity, the strongest predictor of counter-narrative agency. Exposure to stereotypes had a negative effect on counter-narrative agency. Gender-role beliefs did not show significant moderation of the framing, credibility relationship, which implies interpretive norms might be changing even in younger, digitally-engaged Bangladeshi groups.
Copyright (c) 2026 Farzana Nizam Prity, Parboti Das, Tamim Anowar, Sapan Bepari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Indigenous Social Protection Mechanisms among the Somali Pastoral Communities in Lower Juba
This research paper examines the role of indigenous social protection mechanisms in strengthening the resilience and livelihood security of Somali pastoralist communities in Lower Juba amid recurrent shocks and structural challenges. It documents and analyses the traditional social protection practices employed by pastoralist communities in response to recurrent shocks and life-cycle events and assesses their effectiveness and adaptability in the context of protracted conflict, climate change, urbanization, and external humanitarian interventions. By adopting a mixed-methods design, the research gathered both quantitative and qualitative data through a survey of 512 participants and 30 interviews with key informants using purposive sampling. Data collection took place between September 10 and November 15, 2025. Findings indicate that Somali pastoralist households face significant challenges, primarily due to drought, conflict, and displacement. Despite these vulnerabilities, traditional support systems remain vital, with help coming from kinship networks rather than formal sources. This aid is rooted in a culture of reciprocity, emphasizing ethical duty over charity. Indigenous practices offer preventive measures through risk-pooling and support for widows and orphans. Customs like Xeer (traditional law) and Tacsi (support during funerals) have historically aided conflict mediation and resource redistribution during droughts. However, these systems now struggle with legitimacy and effectiveness, weakened by armed conflict, reliance on external aid, and diminishing elder authority. Factors such as sedentarization also hamper pastoral mobility. Additionally, women and youth are often excluded from decision-making within these crucial support networks, despite their willingness to engage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muktar Abdi Hussein, Mohamud Abdi Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Online Mobile Games on Secondary and Higher Secondary Students in Shariatpur District
Online mobile gaming has emerged as a prevalent leisure activity among secondary and higher secondary students, attributable to swift improvements in digital technology and mobile internet accessibility. This study investigates the effects of online mobile gaming on students' academic performance, social conduct, and interpersonal relationships in Domshar Union in Shariatpur Zilla, Bangladesh. A quantitative research design utilized a semi-structured questionnaire to gather data from 100 students, which was subsequently analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The results indicate that action-based games are the most favored, with several pupils participating in extended daily gaming sessions. The study indicates a substantial correlation between conflicts in gaming communities and disputes among teammates, while other social factors, such as neighborhood impressions, significantly affect gaming experiences. Nonetheless, no substantial correlation was identified between educational achievement and gaming-related disputes, suggesting that social and environmental factors exert greater influence. The study underscores the intricate social ramifications of online mobile gaming and stresses the necessity for awareness initiatives and interventions to foster responsible gaming practices among students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md. Uzzol Khan, Md. Ujjal Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Santal Christian Women’s Cultural and Religious Practices during Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study
Religious and cultural beliefs have a significant influence on the maternal experience across many societies, including those of the Santal in Bangladesh. During pregnancy, Santal women often practice several cultural and religious rules for protection, mental peace, and well-being. This study analyzed the religious and cultural beliefs and practices of Santal women during the antepartum period. A qualitative phenomenological approach was applied, involving eight women and eight men from the family who had a recent experience of pregnancy. The data were collected from October 2023 to December 2023. All the respondents were selected through purposive sampling. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted in Bangla. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. The analysis was done employing a thematic approach. Ethical approval was obtained for the study, and confidentiality and anonymity were ensured. The findings of this study revealed that three main types of cultural and religious practices were available among the Santal Christian women during pregnancy. These are religious faith-based maternal practices, traditional protective cultural beliefs and practices, and family-imposed rules. Faith-based maternal practices included personal and combined prayers, vow making, church-based thanks, consultation with priests, and the use of sacred objects such as blessed water, the Bible, Jop mala (rosaries), and stickers. Traditional safeguarding practices and cultural beliefs during pregnancy included movement restrictions, the belief in the evil eye, clan-based protective measures, food restrictions, and avoidance of activities during eclipses. Moreover, family influence during pregnancy highlighted how women followed cultural and religious practices due to social and family pressure. The Santal Christian women adhered to deeply rooted religious and cultural practices during pregnancy. The study suggested that religious and cultural beliefs should be an integral part of healthcare providers' training, enabling them to understand and provide holistic services that cater to the diverse needs of their patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md. Mostafizur Rahman, Tahmina Naznin, Md. Tanbin Jaman Riad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determinants of Smoking Intensity among Adult Male in Bangladesh: Evidence from Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
This research illustrates which factors influence the level of smoking among adult men in Bangladesh, depending on different social and ecological perspectives. Data were collected from 738 male smoker respondents using a semi-structured questionnaire. The study areas covered: Industrial–Urban (Gazipur and Natore), Agro–Rural (Dinajpur, Patuakhali, and Sunamganj), and Eco–Fragile or Remote (Bagerhat and Bandarban). A multiple linear regression model was applied to find out the main factors related to daily tobacco consumption. The model was statistically significant (F = 4.603, p < 0.001) and accounted for nearly 10% of the variation in smoking intensity (Adjusted R² = 0.096). Among the tested variables, two stood out as significant predictors: the price per stick (β = –0.20, p < 0.001), suggesting that higher prices lead to reduced smoking, and the type of tobacco smoked (bidi or cigarette; β = 0.18, p < 0.001), which indicates greater consumption among bidi or cigarette users. Other socio-demographic and occupational characteristics did not show meaningful associations. Overall, the findings point to economic and product-related aspects as stronger drivers of smoking behavior than factors such as age or education. Therefore, policy initiatives should combine tax-based price increases with measures addressing specific tobacco types—for example, tighter regulation of low-cost bidis and cessation support for groups at higher risk. Emphasizing the intensity of smoking rather than only its prevalence may offer a more accurate understanding of nicotine dependency and help Bangladesh move closer to its goal of becoming a tobacco-free country by 2040.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Delower Hossain, Forhad Hussain, Muhammad Furkan Uddin, Mohammad Sazzad Hossain, Mahjabin Mim, Mashud Al Mamun, Mohammed Misbah Uddin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Between Brotherhood and Betrayal: A Historical Analysis of Afghanistan–Pakistan Relations
This paper will analyze how Afghanistan-Pakistan relations have changed through history since 1947 to 2025, the cycles of suspicion, antagonism, and strategic deceit that have defined bilateral relations. Regardless of the common religious, cultural, and historical associations, the relations between the two states have been mostly characterized by political hostility, irredentist demands, and hidden interventions. The study follows this pattern through major historical events: Afghanistan opposition to Pakistan joining the United Nations, the discourse of Pashtunistan and Durand Line, the change in attitude during the Cold War, the Soviet Afghanistan War, Mujahideen and Taliban, post 9/11 security paradox, and current cross border militancy and hybrid warfare. The paper holds that an insecurity complex that is based on ethno-nationalism, foreign patronage, and a challenged national identity has produced most of the state behavior of Afghanistan. On the other hand, the response to perceived existential threats by Pakistan has alternated between diplomacy, strategic acumen and defensive realism. The study finds that lasting peace and stability in the region is only achievable when Afghanistan establishes a new political identity other than irredentist discourses and foreign influence, and a model of collaborative coexistence with Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Revisiting Patel’s Frontier Vision: Border Disputes, Cultural Integration and Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh
The study examines the vision of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in integrating diverse regions like present-day Arunachal Pradesh (AP). The tribals were self-reliant with traditional socio- political systems, making integration complex. Despite this, Patel foresaw the strategic importance of the Himalayas, especially during China’s growing influence in Tibet, in 1950. His vision led to the inclusion of Tawang in 1951, which is now a disputed region between India and China. Drawing upon historical records, the study aims to link the convergence of contemporary politics with culture, language, and violence. By placing Patel’s letter to Jawaharlal Nehru as the base of the research, the study critically analyses the cause and impact of political instability as well as shortcomings of cultural integration in the frontiers. The study also aims to explore separatist insurgency, which is alleged to have links to Chinese influence. Furthermore, Patel, in his ‘early warning letter’ to Nehru in 1950, called for the development of military infrastructure along the Himalayan border and highlighted the distinctive Mongoloid culture of the region. Thus, at present, militarization, development, and cultural integration efforts continue, which are met by changes in Arunachal’s tribal society. Hence, the research highlights how China’s persistent claims, incursions, and support for insurgency in AP undermine Patel’s vision of a unified India. Consequently, the research explores Patel’s strategic vision and its contemporary relevance as external and internal pressure persists. The objective is to reassess Patel’s vision of dialogue and diplomacy in understanding true unification of AP and to discuss a framework for navigating the China-insurgency nexus through Patel's philosophy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mark Mungray (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Innovative Marketing in the Tamil Film Industry: Strategies, Audiences and Evolving Media Practices
Tamil films are more than mere entertainment, for the stage on which they play out matters a great deal to people in Tamil Nadu and beyond. With the volume of films India produces in a year of over 1,500, Tamil Nadu accounts for a significant part, making Tamil films an integral part of Indian films. For the last few years, conventional means of advertising like posters and trailers have taken a backseat to digital-first efforts. This paper considers a variety of innovative marketing strategies used by Tamil Nadu filmmakers, such as influencer partnerships, memes and interactive narratives to activate audiences in the age of digital media. Drawing both on survey results and secondary analysis of previous research, the study examines the effects of these strategies in terms of audience perceptions, excitement and decision-making. Results seek to illustrate how new promotional practices are (re)positioning Tamil films’ relationship with their audiences in a shifting media milieu.
Copyright (c) 2025 K. S. Sakthi Priya, Dr. K. Karpaga Sundaram (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Industrial Interdependence in the Southern Region of Bangladesh: A Functional Regionalization-Based Analysis Towards a Comprehensive Development in the Economy
Despite the growing progression of regional economic integration as a driving factor for national development, the spatial dynamics of industrial interdependence in Bangladesh's southern coastal zone remain insufficiently theorized and empirically underexplored. The research addresses this gap by examining the functional correlation, dependable characteristics, and structural linkages among industries across four strategically significant districts (Khulna, Satkhira, Bagerhat, and Narail) through an integrated spatial-analytical framework. Employing a composite weighted index for formal regionalization alongside Reilly's Law of Retail Gravitation, the research delineates influence areas (IA) and unserved areas (UA) at the upazila level to assess intra-regional economic reach and service accessibility differentials. Input-output interdependence is contextualized within a GIS-based spatial representation, while Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) and Moran's I statistic are applied to detect local clustering patterns, spatial outliers, and distributional asymmetries in industrial concentration. The findings reveal considerable spatial heterogeneity: Koyra (Khulna) and Shyamnagar (Satkhira) exhibit the highest influence areas, whereas Daulatpur registers the lowest, reflecting structural deficits in transport connectivity and economic infrastructure. At the district level, Narail records the lowest unserved area share (0.96%), attributable in part to its favourable positioning along the Padma Bridge corridor. LISA analysis identifies the absence of significant high-high clusters, indicating a fragmented rather than cohesive pattern of industrial development, with Khulna emerging as a high-influence, high-unserved-area outlier characterized by disproportionately low industrial concentration relative to its functional importance. These spatial imbalances are further explained through a multi-factor analysis encompassing transport networks, vocational infrastructure, agricultural land use, and market density. The research concludes that targeted policy interventions, including upazila-scale industrial decentralization, infrastructure investment, and skills development, are necessary to foster inter-regional industrial interdependence and mitigate spatial disparities in southern Bangladesh.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shams Nur Islam Badhon, Rowdra Dip Chackroborty (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Child Marriage Propensity on the Basis of Influence Area: A Case Study on Jamalpur, Bogra and Sirajganj District of Bangladesh
Bangladesh has one of the highest global rates of child marriage. A substantial proportion of girls are married before the age of 18, often without their voluntary consent in Bangladesh. According to United Nations estimates, nearly 66% of Bangladeshi females enter into marriage during adolescence. This high prevalence is driven by a range of interrelated factors, including entrenched social norms, economic pressures, and cultural practices that perpetuate the cycle of child marriage. These factors may vary from region to region while two or more connected regions may have some common norms or customs that influence each other. The study aims to find out the influence area and unserved area of the upazilas of Jamalpur, Bogra and Sirajganj districts by Functional regionalization and to assess the reasons behind having most influence area on the basis of some factors. From Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) 2011, the data have been collected and gravitational theory is used to find out influence area in this study. Crime data, socio-economic condition at these three districts are analyzed in this study. From the quantitative analysis the findings indicate that poverty, lack of education, patriarchal family structures, and social insecurity are some of the dominant factors driving early marriage in these regions. In many cases, families believe marrying their daughters at a young age provides social protection or economic relief. The analysis highlights how functional interdependency between neighboring upazilas strengthens cultural practices, leading to widespread child marriage. The study has successfully identified the functional interdependency and showed the influence between them which led early marriage frequently. Policymakers may find this information useful in focusing actions and providing resources to prevent child marriage in the areas most affected.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sheak Niaz Mahmud (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Invisible Grids-Gendered Access to Digital Infrastructure in Marginalized Urban Spaces
Digital infrastructure, broadband connectivity, affordable smartphones, interoperable digital public infrastructure (DPI), and culturally appropriate digital literacy are rapidly becoming determinants of social, economic, and civic participation. Yet, when this infrastructure maps onto pre-existing social inequalities, it often reproduces and amplifies them. This paper develops a theoretical account of how gendered power relations intersect with spatial marginality to shape access to, use of, and benefits from digital infrastructure in marginalized urban and peri-urban spaces. Building on cross-regional qualitative and policy literature and empirical studies from South Asia and East Africa, we conceptualize the “invisible grids,” the socio-technical arrangements, norms, market failures, and governance blind spots that render digital infrastructure unequal by design. We argue for a feminist digital-justice framework that centres intersectionality, spatiality, and infrastructural quality (not only device ownership) and that connects digital inclusion with safety, mobility, and labour justice. Policy recommendations emphasize gender-intentional DPI design, participatory infrastructure planning, targeted affordability and skills interventions, anti- surveillance safeguards, and cross-sectoral metrics to monitor outcomes. The paper provides actionable directions for policymakers, urban planners, and civil society actors seeking to move beyond hardware distribution toward structurally transformative digital inclusion in marginalized urban spaces.
Copyright (c) 2025 Akuma Ifeanyichukwu, Dr. A. P. Manimegalai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Settler Colonialism and Resistance Historical Roots of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
The paper is the historical trace of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, within the larger contexts of the colonization, settler projects, and world geopolitics. Starting with the emergence of political Zionism in late 19th century Europe, the paper reviews how antisemitism, imperialism, and frequent betrayals by world powers all came together to form a century of dispossession, violence and rebellion. The article studies critical turning points using a historical-ana-lytical methodology, including the Balfour Declaration, the British Mandate, the Nakba of 1948, the six-day war, the Oslo Accords, and the ongoing human-itarian disaster in Gaza (2023- 2025). Rooted in settler-colonial and postcolo-nial theory, the discussion proves the way Zionism was both a national move-ment and a European colonial project. The conclusions outline that the Gaza crisis that has taken place today is not the singular battle, but rather the result of a 100 years-long process of displacement and subjugation. The paper ends by restating the moral, political, and scholarly urgency of re-forming Palestine as an incomplete project of decolonization of the world.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Right to Equality and Non-Discrimination against the Persons with Disabilities: A Case Study on Public Transport in Bangladesh
The principle of equality and non-discrimination as a foundation of human rights requires us to treat everyone with dignity and respect in every area of life. This is especially crucial for persons with disabilities (PWD) who, due to obstacles and prejudices, have their full participation in society limited. In public transport, provision of accessibility and inclusivity is essential to se-cure the mobility rights of PWD. This study analyses the Bangladeshi situation with regards to the right of persons with disabilities to equality and non-discrimination in relation to transport. Based on preliminary data from interviews, surveys and observations with public transit users this study discusses several barriers to full participation and inclusion of PWD in public transportation. Moreover, it discusses the scenario and concerned laws, which are currently in force to protect the rights of PWD regarding public transport system introduced by the government. Second, by examining the effectiveness of such projects, the study identifies some current shortfalls and directions for effort to achieve equal access to transportation for all members of society. Analyzing the comparative study, this study ends with suggestions for policy and practice that could ensure equality and non-discrimination along with an inclusive transport regime for PWD.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shakila, Md. Shamim Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unlocking the Future Classroom: Exploring the Landscape of Digital Education in India
Advances in digital technologies are reshaping learning environments, enabling personalized, collaborative, and scalable modes of instruction that challenge traditional classroom models. This study examines how AI, AR/VR, learning analytics, and cloud-based platforms are being integrated into India’s education system and identifies the principal barriers to equitable adoption. The analysis finds that the uptake of adaptive and immersive tools has accelerated in urban higher-education and skilling contexts but remains uneven across schools and rural areas. Persistent constraints include limited last-mile connectivity, device access, and a shortage of regional-language and contextually relevant content. Teacher readiness and continuous professional development are major bottlenecks, and gaps in data governance and privacy frameworks risk reinforcing existing inequalities. To realize an inclusive future classroom, coordinated investments are needed in last-mile infrastructure, large-scale contextualized teacher training, and enforceable data protection and algorithmic fairness measures, alongside incentives for locally relevant content creation. This study adopts an interdisciplinary policy–practice lens, using a thematic synthesis of peer-reviewed research, government policies, platform usage reports, and selected global case studies (2015–2024).
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Sarita Bhawani Malviya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Displacement Beyond Orders: A Critical Analysis of Palestinian Refugees in the Postcolonial World Politics
Most practicable Palestinian refugee problem represents one of the most significant and protracted displacement issues in present history, deeply intertwined with the ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict for more than 70 years. This study examines the patterns of forced migration from Palestine and the socio-political dimensions of Palestinian displacement with a specific focus on the output of Israeli Strategy Strategies on migration. The paper investigates the intersection of geopolitical conflict, diverse national identity, political dominion over weak countries and transnational diaspora communities. This paper goals to provide a comprehensive understanding of Palestinian migration through both historical and contemporary issues which had happened recently. This analysis is based on the concept of statelessness and the role of Palestinian humanitarian habitat as both sites of resistance and focal points for migration patterns across the Middle East and gulf countries beyond. The study explores the implications of Israeli settlement expansion, restrictions on movement and military occupation which exacerbate drastic displacement and contribute to the formation of a transnational Palestinian identity. Furthermore, this research delves into the challenges faced by Palestinian people in host countries, for instance Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey and Europe highlighting issues of integration, political mobilization, humanitarian aid and cultural preservation within the diaspora. Drawing upon a combination of qualitative method and quantitative data including expert interviews, policy analysis to archival research the study examines how the Palestinian diaspora has mobilized for political advocacy influencing international discourse on the conflict. The findings depict the pivotal impact of Palestinian migration in shaping global perceptions of the Israel-Palestine issue offering a new segment into the diaspora or conflict resolution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faijul Islam, Ashiya Akter, Md Ibrahim Khalil, Safia Akhter Chonda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mapping Sanitation and Hygiene Conditions in Bangladesh: Identifying Vulnerable Districts through Regional Delineation
In Bangladesh, not everyone yet has the same access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene. Things have gotten better over the years, for example, more people now get safe drinking water and improved sanitation services. But these improvements haven’t reached all areas equally. Some regions are still behind, which causes health problems like diarrhea and breathing infections, which are still major reasons why many children in the country get sick or die. This study focuses on the variation of the sanitation and hygiene situation all over Bangladesh. It focuses on five important indicators, including whether people have hand washing facilities with water and soap, access to better toilets, and whether waste is being properly managed and treated elsewhere. The data came from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and were analyzed using the Composite Weighted Index method. Then SPSS and GIS tools were used for spatial classification into six categories. The analysis shows that Bandarban is the most vulnerable district in terms of sanitation and hygiene status, followed closely by Rangamati. These districts got the lowest overall scores due to limited accessibility, poor sanitation infrastructure. Both are hilly, remote districts with challenging geography that restricts infrastructure development and service delivery. However, many urban and lowland districts benefit from better infrastructure, easier access, which results in higher sanitation and hygiene scores. The variation between vulnerable and better-performing districts highlights the urgent need for region-specific approaches. Targeted efforts in Bandarban. Rangamati and similar districts should support community-led initiatives that fit the local culture and needs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanzida Sumaiya Suchana, Md. Kawsar Jahan Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identity, Recognition and Political Dynamics in Contemporary Somalia
This research examined the relationship between politics, identity, and recognition in contemporary Somalia. Specifically, the paper focused on the impact of identity and recognition on governance and stability, while exploring how the Somali diaspora has influenced national identity. The study employed a mixed-methods approach by administering an online survey to 505 respondents alongside 45 key informant interviews with experts on the subject matter. Findings indicate a significant relationship between clan identity and governance, as clan affiliations substantially influence coalition formation through both social and political behaviours. Additionally, the government has not adequately addressed historical grievances stemming from prolonged violence, resulting in cycles of conflict and divisions. The study reveals that lack of clan recognition is a root cause of recurring instability in the region. Survey data showed that 42% of respondents reported clan identity "strongly influences" their political opinions, while 43% felt excluded from political processes due to clan affiliation. Key informants emphasized that traditional governance systems (xeer) often operate alongside or replace formal institutions. The findings demonstrate that in-depth analysis of the relationship between identity, recognition, and politics is crucial for addressing governance issues. The paper provides recommendations for incorporating political systems that respect clan differences while enhancing government legitimacy and fostering unity. The study emphasizes the necessity for inclusive governments that address historical grievances among different clans and foster genuine belonging within a unified Somali state.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muktar Abdi Hussein (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Awareness, Crime Prevention, and Cybersecurity Knowledge among High School and Higher Secondary Students in Aizawl, Mizoram
This study investigates the levels of legal awareness, crime prevention, and cybersecurity knowledge among high school and higher secondary students in Aizawl, Mizoram, India. It is based on a cross-sectional survey of 152 students from three educational institutions, selected through convenience sampling. The results indicate moderate awareness across all domains, with stronger performance in cybersecurity and case-based applications. Female and higher secondary students demonstrated significantly stronger knowledge and analytical skills, particularly in understanding legal rights and interpreting cases. In contrast, academic stream and socio-economic status showed no statistically significant influence. The findings underscore existing gaps in legal awareness and highlight the need for curriculum-integrated, gender-sensitive education to enhance digital and civic literacy among adolescents. These results provide new insights into youth legal and cybersecurity awareness in developing regions and emphasize the importance of early, inclusive education to foster informed civic participation and effective crime prevention in the digital age.
Copyright (c) 2025 C Vanlalpeki, Juliet F Lalzarzoliani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Gendered Impact of Climate Change: A Socio-Economic Study of Women in the Sundarbans
Water, which is life to all, is a threat to few. Climate change and rising water salinity in India's environmentally delicate Sundarbans region pose a threat to women's lives and agency, especially for widows and households headed by women. This sociological study critically examines how women's social safety, hygiene, and reproductive health are disproportionately impacted by climate-induced changes, particularly the increased salt of drinking and agricultural water. The study demonstrates that limited access to water and rising saline levels are associated with poor maternal health, menstrual hygiene issues, and increased vulnerability to waterborne infections. It does this by using mainly secondary data sources, such as the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) and published reports. The analysis, which is grounded in an ecofeminist framework, also makes the hypothesis that patriarchal dominance and household disputes are made worse by environmental shortages and changing patterns of livelihood. Finally, the results show how women's bodies and labour become sites of resistance and exploitation, urging a change from a resilience-based strategy to a climate justice paradigm.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohar Saha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Rights of Man to Rights of Nature: Reimagining Constitutional Thought
The collapse of the Soviet Union and the restructuring of the world under a unipolar, capitalist order have triggered not only political and economic transformations but also deep ecological crises. Among these, ecological destruction has long remained at the periphery of high politics and constitutional thought. Analyzing international environmental summits, from the 1972 Stockholm Conference to Rio+20 in 2012, reveals a persistent anthropocentric perspective framing nature in opposition to human needs, shaping policies and legal frameworks. At the national level, except for a few notable cases, most constitutions maintain an anthropocentric orientation, failing to meaningfully integrate the ecological crisis into constitutional norms. The liberal-individualist model, which defines rights through an abstract individual detached from social and ecological relations, renders the commodification and systemic dispossession of nature legally invisible. Although the Turkish Constitution addresses environmental issues, particularly through Article 56 linking a healthy environment to individual well-being, it does not confront the structural drivers of ecological collapse. Legislative amendments since 1982 have often exacerbated the crisis by aligning environmental law with market imperatives. This article critically examines the limitations of anthropocentric constitutional thought and explores alternative legal imaginaries in which nature is not merely an object of protection, but a legal and political subject. Within the frameworks of ecological citizenship, critical legal theory, and post-humanist thought, the article develops a theoretical inquiry into whether constitutional law can be reimagined to recognize non-human life forms as subjects of justice. Drawing on pioneering examples such as the constitutions of Ecuador and Bolivia, which grant legal personhood to nature, the article discusses the potential for a radical transformation of constitutional thinking beyond the confines of liberal property relations. Ultimately, this study aims to contribute to constitutional debates grounded in ecological democracy and collective responsibility, advocating the recognition of nature’s intrinsic and inherent value beyond its instrumental utility to capital.
Copyright (c) 2025 B. Sina Gunes (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Algorithmic Citizen: How AI is Rewriting Rights, Representation and Responsibility
With fast-paced digitization, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is redefining the interaction between states and citizens. From predictive policing to biometric welfare systems, algorithmic technologies are no longer on the periphery but at the center of governance. This paper presents the idea of the algorithmic citizen—a subject whose civic status is not just mediated by laws and institutions but also by data profiles, predictive models, and unseen computational logics. Whereas AI holds out the promise of efficiency, neutrality, and scale, it tends to entrench inequality, ostracize the vulnerable, and erode democratic accountability. In moving governance away from rights-based standards to probabilistic judgment, access to welfare or justice comes to rely more on statistical inference than on deliberation. Conducted with reference to political theory, sociology, and digital ethics, this paper investigates three case studies: India's Aadhaar biometric identification system and its application in welfare access; the UK's algorithmic use in school allocation and policing; and facial recognition surveillance of democratic cities. These cases highlight that AI systems are far from being unproblematic ally administrative instruments but are active forces determining inclusion, eligibility, and citizenship itself. The article poses urgent questions: What does accountability look like when decisions are outsourced to algorithms? How can citizens assert agency over systems they cannot perceive or oppose? It calls for a shift in AI governance in the direction of democratic values—transparency, explain ability, consent, and participation. Institutional reforms like algorithmic audits, social impact assessments, and rights-based digital safeguards are necessary. Finally, the algorithmic citizen expresses the promise and danger of AI, pointing to the importance of ensuring that digital innovation reinforces rather than erodes democratic life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ms. Ritika Goswami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond the Fence: Cultural Displacement and Social Change in Bangladesh’s Borderlands
The border is not merely a line but a space of contact, transition, and often, transformation. The culture of the borderland or the border region of Chapainawabganj, India-Bangladesh borderland, is quickly changing due to the influence of external forces. The study seeks to analyze the impact of the infiltration of foreign culture, facilitated by the use of satellite TV, the internet and social media, to transform the traditional lifestyles, value system, and social contacts of inhabitants in such villages. Whereas globalization is the means to the access to new ideas and other means of expression, it is also a threat to the indigenous culture, especially in the communities located on the borders where state presence is usually lower and the cultural diffusion is more intense. This paper correlates the cultural degradation explaining its effects, in terms of family bond, youth behavior, community identity and overall social fabric, by retrieving qualitative data collected from border villages in Chapainawabganj. The results are focused on the timeliness of cultural resilience against the unfiltered exposure media and transnational influence, as well as initiate the discussion on policy, education, and empowerment of the community in the borderland. By focusing on the lived experiences of those at the geographical and cultural margins of Bangladesh, this study contributes to broader discussions on national identity, cultural sovereignty, and the unintended consequences of technological advancement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Atia Ibnat Rifah, Azizul Hakim Rakib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Emergence of a Regional Climate Refugee Protocol in South Asia: A Practical Antidote to Climate Induced Displacement
South Asia is faced with a unique climate challenge due to its geographical realities, exposing clear vulnerabilities. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka face severe risks from rising sea levels and coastal flooding on their shores. Landlocked states like Afghanistan, Nepal and Bhutan must deal with the consequences of melting glaciers in the Hindu-Kush Himalayas. In the meantime, many parts of the Maldives may become uninhabitable for sea level rises looming over the low-lying regions. Millions are currently internally displaced in these countries, with projections indicating significant cross-border movements. However, existing legal or paralegal frameworks offer inadequate protection and recognition to the matter. International refugee law and regional conventions cover forced migration in some contexts, but there is currently no explicit provision that sets international and binding legal frameworks or legal status to protect and assist persons displaced by climate change in South Asia. This paper examines the phenomenon of climate-induced displacement and its patterns in South Asia. It also maps international and regional laws pertaining to displacement as well as identifies key deficiencies by utilizing legal doctrinal research to examine these lacunae critically; hence underscoring the urgency of a regional climate refugee protocol. Drawing from case studies of other regional frameworks, the paper proposes that a rights-based, legally binding protocol would offer a cooperative framework for protection to the vulnerable people in this context. Moreover, recommendations for policy initiatives are provided to help guide future regional cooperation for this cross border protective mechanism.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Shamim Ahmed, Lamia Dilshad Waziha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors Affecting Maternal Mortality and Morbidity in Bangladesh
Maternal health knowledge is a critical indicator to prevent maternal mortality and morbidity in Bangladesh. This study explores the associated factors influencing maternal health knowledge among women of reproductive age and caregivers of mothers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 120 women aged 13–49 years and beyond in a three purposively selected region of Bangladesh along with 12 KIIs with health workers, community members and local representatives. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. Findings indicate that over 95% respondents could not identify key danger signs or the appropriate healthcare provider for maternal complications. While 65.8% had sought emergency obstetric care (EmOC), 99.2% had gone to wrong facilities. Findings also revealed that educational attainment and understanding of antenatal and postnatal care emerged as the strongest predictor of maternal health knowledge, with women holding secondary and higher secondary certificates and a bachelor degree being over 46 times and 58 times more likely to be informed compared to those without formal education. Beyond individual education, government performance in delivering maternal healthcare services were also found significant influence. Women living in ‘medium’ performing area reported to have more than 8 times better knowledge compared to those in ‘best’ performing areas, suggesting possible disparities in service delivery data and awareness across contexts. Additionally, correct understanding of the purposes of antenatal and postnatal care was positively associated (AOR: 5.99) with maternal health knowledge, highlighting the importance of health education in promoting informed care-seeking behavior.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Misbah Uddin, Mahjabin Mim, Md. Ashraful Islam Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0